SISTEM PROTEKSI DAN MONITORING UNSTABLE VOLTAGE PADA INSTALASI LISTRIK RUMAH TANGGA BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS

Abstract

Unstable voltage in residential electrical installations can cause damage to electrical appliances and reduce the reliability of electrical systems. This study aims to design and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based unstable voltage protection and monitoring system using an ESP32 DevKit V1, three PZEM-004T sensors, a 4-channel relay module, a 16×2 I2C LCD, and the Blynk application. The study employed the Research and Development (R&D) method, which consisted of system design, hardware and software implementation, and system performance testing. The evaluation included sensor accuracy, overvoltage and undervoltage protection, selective protection, IoT-based monitoring, and system response time. The test results showed that the PZEM-004T sensors achieved voltage measurement errors ranging from 0.23% to 1.20% and frequency measurement errors ranging from 0.02% to 0.20%. The proposed system successfully detected abnormal voltage conditions, selectively disconnected only the affected load circuit, and maintained power supply to the remaining normal load circuits. The system response time ranged from 841 ms to 870 ms, while the affected load was automatically reconnected after the voltage had remained within the normal operating range for 15 seconds. In addition, the Blynk application successfully displayed electrical parameters and delivered real-time notifications of abnormal voltage conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed system enhances the reliability of residential electrical protection by integrating real-time monitoring with IoT-based selective protection.